Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition

I'd like to take you back to a time of war and blood. To nobles and kings, warriors and heroes. Specifically, I'd like to take you to a very interesting game, named Mount and Blade: Warband Viking Conquest Reforged Edition. This (not so) little game is inspired by the dark ages of history. Where the only law was what local lords could enforce through the might of the sword.
Mount and Blade has been around for a good while, and seems to have become a rather popular yet oddly unheard of title.
Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Walkthrough
Viking Conquest Reforged Edition
Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Console Commands
Viking conquest compared to the main game is probably 8x the size in terms of landmass and cities and countries, etc etc. So many factions and lords and whatnot. Lots of content. And Viking conquest also features a campaign story mode which is really cool (reverts to sandbox once you beat it so you can continue your story) which brytenwalda. This onli works for 1.172. Version (the latest). Mount -make-rshared mountpoint mount -make-rslave mountpoint mount -make-rprivate mountpoint mount -make-runbindable mountpoint Command Line Options The full set of mount options used by an invocation of mount is determined by first extracting the mount options for the filesystem from the fstab table, then applying any options specified. Mount & Blade: Warband. All Discussions Screenshots Artwork Broadcasts Videos Workshop News Guides Reviews. Mount & Blade: Warband Viking Conquest Reforged Edition DLC Topic Details. Jul 6, 2017 @ 1:12pm Why is viking conquest multiplayer abandoned? I just played it on a server with 11 people and it was way more enjoyable.
Creating your character is the first step to conquering the world, as any game would be happy to teach you. Mount and Blade is no different tho it's character creation brings to mind thoughts of old pen and paper dice games. Your ethnicity, age, gender, and height are all able to be selected and changed from various drop down menus. They add to this by letting you select personality, greatest virtue, your father's occupation what your vocation is, as well as what you learnt as a child, they even have you select your character's religion.
All these options affect your over all game play in some way. One example being is if you take the personality type Sanguine you'll get options to try to persuade town leaders and others of import based off your 'energetic and sociable' personality.
All of this gets written up in a short biography that attempts to help guide and inform you of the life that your character lead up till this point.
Once you are done with the drop down menus you are taken to a skill page which lists the various abilities and attributes your character possesses. (unless you are a noble who has to first choose his family's crest, which will be carried into battle as his personal flag.) You get a hand full of points based off your previous choices and after spending them and putting in your name, you are taken to the final stage of character creation.
Here we get to the ever classical sliders of face sculpting. After as long, or as little, as a player spends on that, they'll finally find themselves in the Dark Ages of history.
This is where the game really begins. Now of course there's a tutorial that teaches one the basics of combat, but that is really all it teaches the you. The rest is left for you to explore and discover on your own, unless you play the base story which will slowly walk you through the systems.
Game play is rather solid. In combat where you position your camera is very important as it directly effects how your character fights. Looking slightly up as you prepare to strike will cause your warrior to strike from above, where looking left or right will cause the attack to come from one of the sides, pulling downwards will lead to a stab. Of course if you find this interesting system to difficult or bothersome one can simply switch it so it's more like Elder Scrolls Morrowind, in how where you step will determine how you strike instead.
This same system is used when a player uses their weapon to parry. Tho a shield user just has to hold the hunk of wood up to absorb the damage in his stead.
But personal combat is only the tip of the iceberg that is this interesting, and rather crazy game. See as the player progresses they can recruit farmers and peasants (or local bandits) to form small groups that can grow into fully manned armies. How one chooses to go about controlling these armies will go a long way in affecting a battle's conclusion.
There are basic orders 'Hold position' 'Charge' and the like. But those who love to micro manage will find their Nirvana on the battlefield. Having cavalry charge in only to retreat to draw the enemy into range of your archers being a simple yet satisfying way to bring ruin to your enemies.
You are not the only one who can gain strength in this world. The army you lead will level, soldiers gaining new titles and access to better gear. The lowly laborer may one day become your heavily armored Bodyguard. Keeping your troops alive becomes a priority for those who wish to groom an army of the highest power.
Outside of waging war, the player can enjoy a myriad of other options. Playing as a trader, buying in one city, to travel across the world to sell it for a better price elsewhere is a viable option for example. As is running around as a bandit looting any small town that you find undefended by it's local lord. Tho most aim for the goal of becoming nobility or even royalty by marrying into the family, and then working their way into favor with the highest authorities.
How one gets around the world is done with a lack luster yet effective map interface. A 3D model of the character holding his flag (assuming he has one) walks where ever the player taps. Skills such as Path-finding and Athletics are able to affect how quickly they travel or how far they can see. Running into another group on the map opens a dialogue screen where you can choose to attack, or just speak to who ever you, and what ever find.
This all just explains one game mode in this game so far, and doesn't even begin to scratch the surface of what all Mount and Blade has to offer.
There's Story mode which takes you on the journey to become king over the warring nations.
Sandbox mode which is where I personally spend most my time in this wonderful ball of insanity.
There is also Multiplayer which has it's own list of modes. Classics such as free for all Deathmatches are available. But they have a few modes which are unique to Mount and Blade as well.
Thor's champion for example, plays a good deal like Juggernaut from a halo game. Kill the Champion to become the Champion, and as the champion kill other players to earn points.
Warlord battle, lets the two or more players wage true war on each other with an army of bots to back them up.
Raid mode, let players defend or attack villages. Villagers get a numerical advantage tho the invaders get better gear to keep things mostly fair.
Siege mode has the defenders working from a fortified position to defend their flag against the invaders, who respawn quicker than the defenders.
As well as others.
When all is said and done, Mount and Blade:Warband Viking Reforged edition is a great game for those who want a realistic war game set back in the Dark ages. It's got it's quirks in the form of chunky animations in places as well as graphics that are a little aged. But at it's core it's got all a gamer could hope for. Good game play, replay-ability, and a vast world to explore at your leisure. And with a community that has been and seems to be happy to keep on modding long into the future the game will keep feeling 'new' so long as your hard drive has space for one more mod. Name
mount - mount a filesystem Synopsis
mount [ -lhV ]
mount -a [ -fFnrsvw ] [ -t vfstype ] [ -O optlist ]
mount [ -fnrsvw ] [ -o option [ , option ]..] device dir
mount [ -fnrsvw ] [ -t vfstype ] [ -o options ] device dir Description
All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at / . These files can be spread out over severaldevices. The mount command serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount (8) command willdetach it again.
The standard form of the mount command, is mount -t type device dir This tells the kernel to attach the filesystem found on device (which is of type type ) at the directory dir . The previous contents (ifany) and owner and mode of dir become invisible, and as long as this filesystem remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of thefilesystem on device .
The listing and help. Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything: mount -h
prints a help message mount -V
prints a version string mount [ -l ] [ -t type ]
lists all mounted filesystems (of type type ). The option -l adds the labels in this listing. See below. The device indication. Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1 , but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case ofan NFS mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir . It is possible to indicate a block special device using its volume LABEL or UUID (see the -L and -U options below).
The recommended setup is to use LABEL=label or UUID=uuid tags rather than /dev/disk/by-label,uuid udev symlinks in the /etc/fstabfile. The tags are more readable, robust and portable. The mount (8) command internally uses udev symlinks, so use the symlinks in /etc/fstab is not advantageover LABEL=/UUID=. For more details see libblkid (3).
The proc filesystem is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it, an arbitrary keyword, such as proc can be used instead of adevice specification. (The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message 'none busy' from umount can be confusing.) The /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts files. The file /etc/fstab (see fstab (5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually mounted where, using which options.
The command
mount -a [ -t type ] [ -O optlist ] (usually given in a bootscript) causes all filesystems mentioned in fstab (of the proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to bemounted as indicated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F option will make mount fork, so that the filesystemsare mounted simultaneously.
When mounting a filesystem mentioned in fstab or mtab , it suffices to give only the device, or only the mount point.
The programs mount and umount maintain a list of currently mounted filesystems in the file /etc/mtab . If no arguments are given to mount , this list is printed.
The mount program does not read the /etc/fstab file if device (or LABEL/UUID) and dir are specified. For example:
mount /dev/foo /dir If you want to override mount options from /etc/fstab you have to use:
mount devicedir -o options and then the mount options from command line will be appended to the list of options from /etc/fstab . The usual behaviour is that the last optionwins if there is more duplicated options.
When the proc filesystem is mounted (say at /proc ), the files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts have very similar contents. The formerhas somewhat more information, such as the mount options used, but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the -n option below). It is possible to replace /etc/mtab by a symbolic link to /proc/mounts , and especially when you have very large numbers of mounts things will be much faster with thatsymlink, but some information is lost that way, and in particular using the ' user'= option= will=
The non-superuser mounts. Normally, only the superuser can mount filesystems. However, when fstab contains the user option on a line, anybody can mount thecorresponding system.
Thus, given a line
/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide War thunder - german starter pack download free . any user can mount the iso9660 filesystem found on his CDROM using the command
mount /dev/cdrom or
mount /cd For more details, see fstab (5). Only the user that mounted a filesystem can unmount it again. If any user should be able to unmount, then use users instead of user in the fstab line. The owner option is similar to the user option, with the restriction that the usermust be the owner of the special file. This may be useful e.g. for /dev/fd if a login script makes the console user owner of this device. The group option is similar, with the restriction that the user must be member of the group of the special file. The bind mounts. Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else. The call is
mount --bind olddir newdir or shortoption
mount -B olddir newdir or fstab entry is:
/olddir /newdir none bind After this call the same contents is accessible in two places. One can also remount a single file (on a single file).
This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not possible submounts. The entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second placeusing
mount --rbind olddir newdir or shortoption
mount -R olddir newdir Note that the filesystem mount options will remain the same as those on the original mount point, and cannot be changed by passing the -o option along with--bind/--rbind. The mount options can be changed by a separate remount command, for example:
mount --bind olddir newdir
mount -o remount,ro newdir The move operation. Since Linux 2.5.1 it is possible to atomically move a mounted tree to another place. The call is
mount --move olddir newdir or shortoption
mount -M olddir newdir This will cause the contents which previously appeared under olddir to be accessed under newdir. The physical location of the files is not changed. The shared subtrees operations. Since Linux 2.6.15 it is possible to mark a mount and its submounts as shared, private, slave or unbindable. A shared mount provides ability to createmirrors of that mount such that mounts and umounts within any of the mirrors propagate to the other mirror. A slave mount receives propagation from its master,but any not vice-versa. A private mount carries no propagation abilities. A unbindable mount is a private mount which cannot cloned through a bind operation.Detailed semantics is documented in Documentation/sharedsubtree.txt file in the kernel source tree. The following commands allows one to recursively change the type of all the mounts under a given mountpoint. Command Line Options
The full set of mount options used by an invocation of mount is determined by first extracting the mount options for the filesystem from the fstab table, then applying any options specified by the -o argument, and finally applying a -r or -w option, when present.
Command line options available for the mount command: -V, --version Output version. -h, --help Print a help message. -v, --verbose Verbose mode. -a, --all Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab . -F, --fork (Used in conjunction with -a .) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFSservers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order.Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool . -f, --fake Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it' s= not= obvious,= this= 'fakes'= mounting= the= filesystem.= this= option= is= useful= inconjunction= with= the= -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that weremounted earlier with the -n option. The -f option checks for existing record in /etc/mtab and fails when the record already exists (with regular non-fakemount, this check is done by kernel). -i, --internal-only Don't call the /sbin/mount.filesystem helper even if it exists. -l
Add the labels in the mount output. Mount must have permission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One can set such a label forext2, ext3 or ext4 using the e2label (8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin (8), or for reiserfs using reiserfstune (8). -n, --no-mtab Mount without writing in /etc/mtab . This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only filesystem. --no-canonicalize Don't canonicalize paths. The mount command canonicalizes all paths (from command line or fstab) and stores canonicalized paths to the /etc/mtab file. This option can be used together with the -f flag for already canonicalized absolut paths. -p, --pass-fd num In case of a loop mount with encryption, read the passphrase from file descriptor num instead of from the terminal. -s
Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support thisoption. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based automounter. -r, --read-only Mount the filesystem read-only. A synonym is -o ro .
Note that, depending on the filesystem type, state and kernel behavior, the system may still write to the device. For example, Ext3 or ext4 will replay itsjournal if the filesystem is dirty. To prevent this kind of write access, you may want to mount ext3 or ext4 filesystem with 'ro,noload' mount options or setthe block device to read-only mode, see command blockdev (8). -w, --rw Mount the filesystem read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw . -L label Mount the partition that has the specified label . -U uuid Mount the partition that has the specified uuid . These two options require the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) toexist. -t, --types vfstype The argument following the -t is used to indicate the filesystem type. The filesystem types which are currently supported include: adfs , affs , autofs , cifs , coda , coherent , cramfs , debugfs , devpts , efs , ext , ext2 , ext3 , ext4 , hfs , hfsplus , hpfs , iso9660 , jfs , minix , msdos , ncpfs , nfs , nfs4 , ntfs , proc , qnx4 , ramfs , reiserfs , romfs , squashfs , smbfs , sysv , tmpfs , ubifs , udf , ufs , umsdos , usbfs , vfat , xenix , xfs , xiafs . Note that coherent, sysv and xenix areequivalent and that xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future - use sysv instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 thetypes ext and xiafs do not exist anymore. Earlier, usbfs was known as usbdevfs . Note, the real list of all supported filesystemsdepends on your kernel.
The programs mount and umount support filesystem subtypes. The subtype is defined by '.subtype' suffix. For example 'fuse.sshfs'. It'srecommended to use subtype notation rather than add any prefix to the mount source (for example 'sshfsexample.com' is depreacated).
For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount (2) system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type isrequired. For a few types however (like nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is necessary. The nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs filesystems have aseparate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount. TYPE (ifthat exists) when called with type TYPE . Since various versions of the smbmount program have different calling conventions, /sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be a shell script that sets up the desired call.
If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try to guess the desired type. Mount uses the blkid or volume_idlibrary for guessing the filesystem type; if that does not turn up anything that looks familiar, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems , or,if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems . All of the filesystem types listed there will be tried, except for those that are labeled 'nodev' (e.g., devpts , proc and nfs ). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount will read /proc/filesystems afterwards.
The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file /etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to tryvfat before msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader. Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate 'magic'),and could recognize the wrong filesystem type, possibly with catastrophic consequences. If your data is valuable, don't ask mount to guess.
More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of filesystem types can be prefixed with no to specify the filesystem typeson which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a option.) For example, the command:
mount -a -t nomsdos,ext mounts all filesystems except those of type msdos and ext . -O, --test-opts opts Used in conjunction with -a , to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it isuseless except in the context of -a . For example, the command:
mount -a -O no_netdev mounts all filesystems except those which have the option _netdev specified in the options field in the /etc/fstab file.
It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest.
The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command
mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev mounts all ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems that are either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified. -o, --options opts Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. For example:
mount LABEL=mydisk -o noatime,nouser For more details, see FILESYSTEM INDEPENDENT MOUNT OPTIONS and FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS sections. -B, --bind Remount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above. -R, --rbind Remount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above. -M, --move Move a subtree to some other place. See above. Filesystem Independent Mount Options
Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file.
Some of these options could be enabled or disabled by default in the system kernel. To check the current setting see the options in /proc/mounts.
The following options apply to any filesystem that is being mounted (but not every filesystem actually honors them - e.g., the sync option today haseffect only for ext2, ext3, fat, vfat and ufs): async
All I/O to the filesystem should be done asynchronously. (See also the sync option.)
atime
Do not use noatime feature, then the inode access time is controlled by kernel defaults. See also the description for strictatime and relatime mount options. noatime Do not update inode access times on this filesystem (e.g, for faster access on the news spool to speed up news servers). auto
Can be mounted with the -a option.
noauto
Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the filesystem to be mounted). context= context , fscontext= context , defcontext= context and rootcontext= context The context= option is useful when mounting filesystems that do not support extended attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT,or systems that are not normally running under SELinux, such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation. You can also use context= onfilesystems you do not trust, such as a floppy. It also helps in compatibility with xattr-supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4.x kernel versions. Evenwhere xattrs are supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire disk one security context.
A commonly used option for removable media is context=system_u:object_r:removable_t .
Two other options are fscontext= and defcontext= , both of which are mutually exclusive of the context option. This means you can use fscontextand defcontext with each other, but neither can be used with context.
The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support. The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem label to aspecific security context. This filesystem label is separate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the entire filesystem for certain kinds ofpermission checks, such as during mount or file creation. Individual file labels are still obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context optionactually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addition to supplying the same label for individual files.
You can set the default security context for unlabeled files using defcontext= option. This overrides the value set for unlabeled files in the policyand requires a filesystem that supports xattr labeling.
The rootcontext= option allows you to explicitly label the root inode of a FS being mounted before that FS or inode because visable to userspace.This was found to be useful for things like stateless linux.
For more details, see selinux (8) defaults Use default options: rw , suid , dev , exec , auto , nouser , async , and relatime. dev
Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.
nodev
Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system. diratime Update directory inode access times on this filesystem. This is the default. nodiratime Do not update directory inode access times on this filesystem. dirsync All directory updates within the filesystem should be done synchronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir,rmdir, mknod and rename. exec
Permit execution of binaries.
noexec
Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted filesystem. (Until recently it was possible to run binaries anyway using a command like/lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick fails since Linux 2.4.25 / 2.6.0.)
group
Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if one of his groups matches the group of the device. This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line group,dev,suid ). iversion Every time the inode is modified, the i_version field will be incremented. noiversion Do not increment the i_version inode field. mand
Allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. See fcntl (2).
nomand
Do not allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. _netdev The filesystem resides on a device that requires network access (used to prevent the system from attempting to mount these filesystems until the network hasbeen enabled on the system). nofail
Do not report errors for this device if it does not exist. relatime Update inode access times relative to modify or change time. Access time is only updated if the previous access time was earlier than the current modify orchange time. (Similar to noatime, but doesn' t= break= mutt= or= other= applications= that= need= to= know= if= a= file= has= been= read= since= the= last= time= it= norelatime Do not use relatime feature. See also the strictatime mount option. strictatime Allows to explicitly requesting full atime updates. This makes it possible for kernel to defaults to relatime or noatime but still allowuserspace to override it. For more details about the default system mount options see /proc/mounts. nostrictatime Use the kernel's default behaviour for inode access time updates. suid
Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. nosuid
Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. (This seems safe, but is in fact rather unsafe if you have suidperl (1)installed.)
owner
Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if he is the owner of the device. This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line owner,dev,suid ). remount Attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a filesystem, especially to make a readonly filesystemwriteable. It does not change device or mount point.
The remount functionality follows the standard way how the mount command works with options from fstab. It means the mount command doesn't read fstab (ormtab) only when a device and dir are fully specified.
mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir
After this call all old mount options are replaced and arbitrary stuff from fstab is ignored, except the loop= option which is internally generated andmaintained by the mount command.
mount -o remount,rw /dir
After this call mount reads fstab (or mtab) and merges these options with options from command line ( -o ). ro
Mount the filesystem read-only. _rnetdev Like _netdev, except 'fsck -a' checks this filesystem during rc.sysinit. rw
Mount the filesystem read-write.
sync
All I/O to the filesystem should be done synchronously. In case of media with limited number of write cycles (e.g. some flash drives) 'sync' may causelife-cycle shortening.
user
Allow an ordinary user to mount the filesystem. The name of the mounting user is written to mtab so that he can unmount the filesystem again. This optionimplies the options noexec , nosuid , and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line user,exec,dev,suid ).
nouser
Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem. This is the default.
users
Allow every user to mount and unmount the filesystem. This option implies the options noexec , nosuid , and nodev (unless overridden bysubsequent options, as in the option line users,exec,dev,suid ). Filesystem Specific Mount Options
The following options apply only to certain filesystems. We sort them by filesystem. They all follow the -o flag.
What options are supported depends a bit on the running kernel. More info may be found in the kernel source subdirectory Documentation/filesystems . Mount options for adfs
uid= value and gid= value Set the owner and group of the files in the filesystem (default: uid=gid=0). ownmask= value and othmask= value Set the permission mask for ADFS ' owner'= permissions= and= 'other'= permissions,= respectively= (default:= 0700= and= 0077,= respectively).= see= /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt . Mount options for affs
uid= value and gid= value Set the owner and group of the root of the filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, but with option uid or gid without specified value, the uid and gidof the current process are taken). setuid= value and setgid= value Set the owner and group of all files. mode= value Set the mode of all files to value 0777 disregarding the original permissions. Add search permission to directories that have read permission.The value is given in octal. protect Do not allow any changes to the protection bits on the filesystem. usemp
Set uid and gid of the root of the filesystem to the uid and gid of the mount point upon the first sync or umount, and then clear this option.Strange.. verbose Print an informational message for each successful mount. prefix= string Prefix used before volume name, when following a link. volume= string Prefix (of length at most 30) used before '/' when following a symbolic link. reserved= value (Default: 2.) Number of unused blocks at the start of the device. root= value Give explicitly the location of the root block. bs= value Give blocksize. Allowed values are 512, 1024, 2048, 4096. grpquota noquota quota usrquota These options are accepted but ignored. (However, quota utilities may react to such strings in /etc/fstab .) Mount options for cifs
See the options section of the mount.cifs (8) man page (cifs-utils package must be installed). Mount options for coherent
None. Mount options for debugfs
The debugfs filesystem is a pseudo filesystem, traditionally mounted on /sys/kernel/debug . There are no mount options. Mount options for devpts
The devpts filesystem is a pseudo filesystem, traditionally mounted on /dev/pts . In order to acquire a pseudo terminal, a process opens /dev/ptmx ; the number of the pseudo terminal is then made available to the process and the pseudo terminal slave can be accessed as /dev/pts/ number. uid= value and gid= value This sets the owner or the group of newly created PTYs to the specified values. When nothing is specified, they will be set to the UID and GID of thecreating process. For example, if there is a tty group with GID 5, then gid=5 will cause newly created PTYs to belong to the tty group. mode= value Set the mode of newly created PTYs to the specified value. The default is 0600. A value of mode=620 and gid=5 makes 'mesg y' the default onnewly created PTYs. newinstance Create a private instance of devpts filesystem, such that indices of ptys allocated in this new instance are independent of indices created in otherinstances of devpts.
All mounts of devpts without this newinstance option share the same set of pty indices (i.e legacy mode). Each mount of devpts with the newinstance option has a private set of pty indices.
This option is mainly used to support containers in the linux kernel. It is implemented in linux kernel versions starting with 2.6.29. Further, this mountoption is valid only if CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES is enabled in the kernel configuration.
To use this option effectively, /dev/ptmx must be a symbolic link to pts/ptmx. See Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt in the linuxkernel source tree for details. ptmxmode= value Set the mode for the new ptmx device node in the devpts filesystem.
With the support for multiple instances of devpts (see newinstance option above), each instance has a private ptmx node in the root of thedevpts filesystem (typically /dev/pts/ptmx).
For compatibility with older versions of the kernel, the default mode of the new ptmx node is 0000. ptmxmode= value specifies a moreuseful mode for the ptmx node and is highly recommended when the newinstance option is specified.
This option is only implemented in linux kernel versions starting with 2.6.29. Further this option is valid only if CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES isenabled in the kernel configuration. Mount options for ext
None. Note that the 'ext' filesystem is obsolete. Don't use it. Since Linux version 2.1.21 extfs is no longer part of the kernel source.
Every wizard needs a familiar, right? Familiars are NPCs that you can assign to certain tasks, such as leveling up Champions, clicking the monsters, or using ultimates. Depending on the assigned task, a Familiar will click a certain number of times per second/minute. In this pack: Xanathar's Goldfish Familiar. Xanathar's guide to everything races . Idle Champions of the Forgotten Realms. Free + Show more. In this pack: Xanathar's Goldfish Familiar 2 Epic Potions of Speed 2 Epic Potions of Giant's Strength 2 Epic Potions of Clairvoyance Show More. Add-ons for this game. Hand of Vecna Arkhan Skin & Feat Pack. Fluffy the Fuzzy Beholder Familiar Pack. Mount options for ext2
The 'ext2' filesystem is the standard Linux filesystem. Since Linux 2.5.46, for most mount options the default is determined by the filesystem superblock.Set them with tune2fs (8). acl noacl Support POSIX Access Control Lists (or not). bsddf minixdf Set the behaviour for the statfs system call. The minixdf behaviour is to return in the f_blocks field the total number of blocks ofthe filesystem, while the bsddf behaviour (which is the default) is to subtract the overhead blocks used by the ext2 filesystem and not available forfile storage. Thus(Note that this example shows that one can add command line options to the options given in /etc/fstab .) check= none nocheck No checking is done at mount time. This is the default. This is fast. It is wise to invoke e2fsck (8) every now and then, e.g. at boot time. debug
Print debugging info upon each (re)mount. errors= continue remount-ro panic Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors and just mark the filesystem erroneous and continue, or remount the filesystemread-only, or panic and halt the system.) The default is set in the filesystem superblock, and can be changed using tune2fs (8). grpid bsdgroups and nogrpid sysvgroups These options define what group id a newly created file gets. When grpid is set, it takes the group id of the directory in which it is created;otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parentdirectory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself. grpquota noquota quota usrquota These options are accepted but ignored. nobh
Do not attach buffer_heads to file pagecache. (Since 2.5.49.) nouid32 Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values. oldalloc or orlov Use old allocator or Orlov allocator for new inodes. Orlov is default. resgid= n and resuid= n The ext2 filesystem reserves a certain percentage of the available space (by default 5, see mke2fs (8) and tune2fs (8)). These optionsdetermine who can use the reserved blocks. (Roughly: whoever has the specified uid, or belongs to the specified group.) sb= n
Instead of block 1, use block n as superblock. This could be useful when the filesystem has been damaged. (Earlier, copies of the superblock would bemade every 8192 blocks: in block 1, 8193, 16385, .. (and one got thousands of copies on a big filesystem). Since version 1.08, mke2fs has a -s (sparsesuperblock) option to reduce the number of backup superblocks, and since version 1.15 this is the default. Note that this may mean that ext2 filesystemscreated by a recent mke2fs cannot be mounted r/w under Linux 2.0.*.) The block number here uses 1k units. Thus, if you want to use logical block 32768on a filesystem with 4k blocks, use 'sb=131072'. user_xattr nouser_xattr Support 'user.' extended attributes (or not). Mount options for ext3
The ext3 filesystem is a version of the ext2 filesystem which has been enhanced with journalling. It supports the same options as ext2 as well as thefollowing additions: journal=update Update the ext3 filesystem' s= journal= to= the= current= journal=inum When a journal already exists, this option is ignored. Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which will represent the ext3 filesystem's journalfile; ext3 will create a new journal, overwriting the old contents of the file whose inode number is inum . journal_dev=devnum When the external journal device's major/minor numbers have changed, this option allows the user to specify the new journal location. The journal device isidentified through its new major/minor numbers encoded in devnum. norecovery / noload Don't load the journal on mounting. Note that if the filesystem was not unmounted cleanly, skipping the journal replay will lead to the filesystemcontaining inconsistencies that can lead to any number of problems. data= journal ordered writeback Specifies the journalling mode for file data. Metadata is always journaled. To use modes other than ordered on the root filesystem, pass the mode tothe kernel as boot parameter, e.g. rootflags=data=journal . journal
All data is committed into the journal prior to being written into the main filesystem. ordered
This is the default mode. All data is forced directly out to the main file system prior to its metadata being committed to the journal. writeback
Data ordering is not preserved - data may be written into the main filesystem after its metadata has been committed to the journal. This is rumoured to bethe highest-throughput option. It guarantees internal filesystem integrity, however it can allow old data to appear in files after a crash and journalrecovery. barrier=0 / barrier=1 Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Walkthrough This enables/disables barriers. barrier=0 disables it, barrier=1 enables it. Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering of journal commits, makingvolatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. The ext3 filesystem enables write barriers by default. Be sure to enable barriers unlessyour disks are battery-backed one way or another. Otherwise you risk filesystem corruption in case of power failure. commit= nrsec Sync all data and metadata every nrsec seconds. The default value is 5 seconds. Zero means default. user_xattr Enable Extended User Attributes. See the attr (5) manual page. acl
Enable POSIX Access Control Lists. See the acl (5) manual page. Mount options for ext4
The ext4 filesystem is an an advanced level of the ext3 filesystem which incorporates scalability and reliability enhancements for supporting largefilesystem.
The options journal_dev, noload, data, commit, orlov, oldalloc, [no]user_xattr [no]acl, bsddf, minixdf, debug, errors, data_err, grpid, bsdgroups,nogrpid sysvgroups, resgid, resuid, sb, quota, noquota, grpquota, usrquota and [no]bh are backwardly compatible with ext3 or ext2. journal_checksum Enable checksumming of the journal transactions. This will allow the recovery code in e2fsck and the kernel to detect corruption in the kernel. It is acompatible change and will be ignored by older kernels. journal_async_commit Commit block can be written to disk without waiting for descriptor blocks. If enabled older kernels cannot mount the device. This will enable journal=update Update the ext4 filesystem's journal to the current format. barrier=0 / barrier=1 / barrier / nobarrier This enables/disables the use of write barriers in the jbd code. barrier=0 disables, barrier=1 enables. This also requires an IO stack which can supportbarriers, and if jbd gets an error on a barrier write, it will disable again with a warning. Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering of journal commits,making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. If your disks are battery-backed in one way or another, disabling barriers maysafely improve performance. The mount options 'barrier' and 'nobarrier' can also be used to enable or disable barriers, for consistency with other ext4 mountoptions.
The ext4 filesystem enables write barriers by default. inode_readahead_blks= n This tuning parameter controls the maximum number of inode table blocks that ext4's inode table readahead algorithm will pre-read into the buffer cache. Thevalue must be a power of 2. The default value is 32 blocks. stripe= n Number of filesystem blocks that mballoc will try to use for allocation size and alignment. For RAID5/6 systems this should be the number of data disks *RAID chunk size in filesystem blocks. delalloc Deferring block allocation until write-out time. nodelalloc Disable delayed allocation. Blocks are allocation when data is copied from user to page cache. max_batch_time= usec Maximum amount of time ext4 should wait for additional filesystem operations to be batch together with a synchronous write operation. Since a synchronouswrite operation is going to force a commit and then a wait for the I/O complete, it doesn't cost much, and can be a huge throughput win, we wait for a smallamount of time to see if any other transactions can piggyback on the synchronous write. The algorithm used is designed to automatically tune for the speed ofthe disk, by measuring the amount of time (on average) that it takes to finish committing a transaction. Call this time the 'commit time'. If the time that thetransactoin has been running is less than the commit time, ext4 will try sleeping for the commit time to see if other operations will join the transaction. Thecommit time is capped by the max_batch_time, which defaults to 15000us (15ms). This optimization can be turned off entirely by setting max_batch_time to0. min_batch_time= usec This parameter sets the commit time (as described above) to be at least min_batch_time. It defaults to zero microseconds. Increasing this parameter mayimprove the throughput of multi-threaded, synchronous workloads on very fast disks, at the cost of increasing latency. journal_ioprio= prio The I/O priority (from 0 to 7, where 0 is the highest priorty) which should be used for I/O operations submitted by kjournald2 during a commit operation.This defaults to 3, which is a slightly higher priority than the default I/O priority. abort
Simulate the effects of calling ext4_abort() for debugging purposes. This is normally used while remounting a filesystem which is already mounted. auto_da_alloc noauto_da_alloc Many broken applications don't use fsync() when noauto_da_alloc replacing existing files via patterns such as
fd = open('foo.new')/write(fd,.)/close(fd)/ rename('foo.new', 'foo')
or worse yet
fd = open('foo', O_TRUNC)/write(fd,.)/close(fd).
If auto_da_alloc is enabled, ext4 will detect the replace-via-rename and replace-via-truncate patterns and force that any delayed allocation blocks areallocated such that at the next journal commit, in the default data=ordered mode, the data blocks of the new file are forced to disk before the rename()operation is commited. This provides roughly the same level of guarantees as ext3, and avoids the 'zero-length' problem that can happen when a system crashesbefore the delayed allocation blocks are forced to disk. discard / nodiscard Controls whether ext4 should issue discard/TRIM commands to the underlying block device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD devices andsparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs, but it is off by default until sufficient testing has been done. nouid32 Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values. resize
Allows to resize filesystem to the end of the last existing block group, further resize has to be done with resize2fs either online, or offline. It can beused only with conjunction with remount. block_validity / noblock_validity This options allows to enables/disables the in-kernel facility for tracking filesystem metadata blocks within internal data structures. This allows multi-block allocator and other routines to quickly locate extents which might overlap with filesystem metadata blocks. This option is intended for debuggingpurposes and since it negatively affects the performance, it is off by default. dioread_lock / dioread_nolock Controls whether or not ext4 should use the DIO read locking. If the dioread_nolock option is specified ext4 will allocate uninitialized extent beforebuffer write and convert the extent to initialized after IO completes. This approach allows ext4 code to avoid using inode mutex, which improves scalability onhigh speed storages. However this does not work with nobh option and the mount will fail. Nor does it work with data journaling and dioread_nolock option willbe ignored with kernel warning. Note that dioread_nolock code path is only used for extent-based files. Because of the restrictions this options comprises itis off by default (e.g. dioread_lock). i_version Enable 64-bit inode version support. This option is off by default. Mount options for fat
(Note: fat is not a separate filesystem, but a common part of the msdos , umsdos and vfat filesystems.) blocksize= 512 1024 2048 Set blocksize (default 512). This option is obsolete. uid= value and gid= value Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.) umask= value Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given inoctal. dmask= value Set the umask applied to directories only. The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal. fmask= value Set the umask applied to regular files only. The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal. allow_utime= value This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime. 20
If current process is in group of file's group ID, you can change timestamp.
2
Other users can change timestamp. The default is set from 'dmask' option. (If the directory is writable, utime (2) is also allowed. I.e. dmask 022)
Normally utime (2) checks current process is owner of the file, or it has CAP_FOWNER capability. But FAT filesystem doesn't have uid/gid on disk, sonormal check is too unflexible. With this option you can relax it. check= value Three different levels of pickyness can be chosen: r [ elaxed ]
Upper and lower case are accepted and equivalent, long name parts are truncated (e.g. verylongname.foobar becomes verylong.foo ), leading andembedded spaces are accepted in each name part (name and extension). n [ ormal ]
Like ' relaxed',= but= many= special= characters= (*,= ,= spaces,= etc.)= are= rejected.= this= is= the= s [ trict ]
Like ' normal',= but= names= may= not= contain= long= parts= and= special= characters= that= are= sometimes= used= on= linux,= but= are= not= accepted= by= ms-dos= are= rejected.(+,=, spaces,=
codepage= value Sets the codepage for converting to shortname characters on FAT and VFAT filesystems. By default, codepage 437 is used. conv= b [ inary ] t [ ext ] a [ uto ] The fat filesystem can perform CRLF--NL (MS-DOS text format to UNIX text format) conversion in the kernel. The following conversion modes areavailable: binary
no translation is performed. This is the default.
text
CRLF--NL translation is performed on all files.
auto
CRLF--NL translation is performed on all files that don't have a 'well-known binary' extension. The list of known extensions can be found at thebeginning of fs/fat/misc.c (as of 2.0, the list is: exe, com, bin, app, sys, drv, ovl, ovr, obj, lib, dll, pif, arc, zip, lha, lzh, zoo, tar, z, arj,tz, taz, tzp, tpz, gz, tgz, deb, gif, bmp, tif, gl, jpg, pcx, tfm, vf, gf, pk, pxl, dvi). Programs that do computed lseeks won't like in-kernel text conversion. Several people have had their data ruined by this translation. Beware!
For filesystems mounted in binary mode, a conversion tool (fromdos/todos) is available. This option is obsolete. cvf_format= module Forces the driver to use the CVF (Compressed Volume File) module cvf_ module instead of auto-detection. If the kernel supports kmod, thecvf_format=xxx option also controls on-demand CVF module loading. This option is obsolete. cvf_option= option Option passed to the CVF module. This option is obsolete. debug
Turn on the debug flag. A version string and a list of filesystem parameters will be printed (these data are also printed if the parameters appear tobe inconsistent). fat= 12 16 32 Specify a 12, 16 or 32 bit fat. This overrides the automatic FAT type detection routine. Use with caution! iocharset= value Character set to use for converting between 8 bit characters and 16 bit Unicode characters. The default is iso8859-1. Long filenames are stored on disk inUnicode format. tz=UTC
This option disables the conversion of timestamps between local time (as used by Windows on FAT) and UTC (which Linux uses internally). This is particularlyuseful when mounting devices (like digital cameras) that are set to UTC in order to avoid the pitfalls of local time.
quiet
Turn on the quiet flag. Attempts to chown or chmod files do not return errors, although they fail. Use with caution! showexec If set, the execute permission bits of the file will be allowed only if the extension part of the name is .EXE, .COM, or .BAT. Not set by default. sys_immutable If set, ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as IMMUTABLE flag on Linux. Not set by default. flush
If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more early than normal. Not set by default. usefree Use the 'free clusters' value stored on FSINFO. It'll be used to determine number of free clusters without scanning disk. But it's not used by default,because recent Windows don't update it correctly in some case. If you are sure the 'free clusters' on FSINFO is correct, by this option you can avoid scanningdisk. dots , nodots , dotsOK= [ yes no ] Various misguided attempts to force Unix or DOS conventions onto a FAT filesystem. Mount options for hfs
creator= cccc , type= cccc Set the creator/type values as shown by the MacOS finder used for creating new files. Default values: '????'. uid= n , gid= n Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.) dir_umask= n , file_umask= n , umask= n Set the umask used for all directories, all regular files, or all files and directories. Defaults to the umask of the current process. session= n Select the CDROM session to mount. Defaults to leaving that decision to the CDROM driver. This option will fail with anything but a CDROM as underlyingdevice. part= n
Select partition number n from the device. Only makes sense for CDROMS. Defaults to not parsing the partition table at all.
quiet
Don't complain about invalid mount options. Mount options for hpfs
uid= value and gid= value Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.) umask= value Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given inoctal. case= lower asis Convert all files names to lower case, or leave them. (Default: case=lower .) conv= binary text auto For conv=text , delete some random CRs (in particular, all followed by NL) when reading a file. For conv=auto , choose more or less at randombetween conv=binary and conv=text . For conv=binary , just read what is in the file. This is the default. nocheck Do not abort mounting when certain consistency checks fail. Mount options for iso9660
ISO 9660 is a standard describing a filesystem structure to be used on CD-ROMs. (This filesystem type is also seen on some DVDs. See also the udf filesystem.)
Normal iso9660 filenames appear in a 8.3 format (i.e., DOS-like restrictions on filename length), and in addition all characters are in upper case.Also there is no field for file ownership, protection, number of links, provision for block/character devices, etc.
Rock Ridge is an extension to iso9660 that provides all of these unix like features. Basically there are extensions to each directory record that supply allof the additional information, and when Rock Ridge is in use, the filesystem is indistinguishable from a normal UNIX filesystem (except that it is read-only,of course). norock
Disable the use of Rock Ridge extensions, even if available. Cf. map . nojoliet Disable the use of Microsoft Joliet extensions, even if available. Cf. map . check= r [ elaxed ] s [ trict ] With check=relaxed , a filename is first converted to lower case before doing the lookup. This is probably only meaningful together with norock and map=normal . (Default: check=strict .) uid= value and gid= value Give all files in the filesystem the indicated user or group id, possibly overriding the information found in the Rock Ridge extensions. (Default: uid=0,gid=0 .) map= n [ ormal ] o [ ff ] a [ corn ] For non-Rock Ridge volumes, normal name translation maps upper to lower case ASCII, drops a trailing ' ;1',= and= converts= ';'= to= '.'.= with= map=off noname translation is done. See norock . (Default: map=normal .) map=acorn is like map=normal but also apply Acorn extensions ifpresent. mode= value For non-Rock Ridge volumes, give all files the indicated mode. (Default: read permission for everybody.) Since Linux 2.1.37 one no longer needs to specifythe mode in decimal. (Octal is indicated by a leading 0.) unhide
Also show hidden and associated files. (If the ordinary files and the associated or hidden files have the same filenames, this may make the ordinary filesinaccessible.) block= 512 1024 2048 Set the block size to the indicated value. (Default: block=1024 .) conv= a [ uto ] b [ inary ] m [ text ] t [ ext ] (Default: conv=binary .) Since Linux 1.3.54 this option has no effect anymore. (And non-binary settings used to be very dangerous, possibly leading tosilent data corruption.) cruft
If the high byte of the file length contains other garbage, set this mount option to ignore the high order bits of the file length. This implies that a filecannot be larger than 16MB. session= x Select number of session on multisession CD. (Since 2.3.4.) sbsector= xxx Session begins from sector xxx. (Since 2.3.4.) The following options are the same as for vfat and specifying them only makes sense when using discs encoded using Microsoft's Joliet extensions. iocharset= value Character set to use for converting 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to 8 bit characters. The default is iso8859-1. utf8
Convert 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to UTF-8. Mount options for jfs
iocharset= name Character set to use for converting from Unicode to ASCII. The default is to do no conversion. Use iocharset=utf8 for UTF8 translations. Thisrequires CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 to be set in the kernel .config file. resize= value Resize the volume to value blocks. JFS only supports growing a volume, not shrinking it. This option is only valid during a remount, when the volumeis mounted read-write. The resize keyword with no value will grow the volume to the full size of the partition. nointegrity Do not write to the journal. The primary use of this option is to allow for higher performance when restoring a volume from backup media. The integrity ofthe volume is not guaranteed if the system abnormally abends. integrity Default. Commit metadata changes to the journal. Use this option to remount a volume where the nointegrity option was previously specified in orderto restore normal behavior. errors= continue remount-ro panic Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors and just mark the filesystem erroneous and continue, or remount the filesystemread-only, or panic and halt the system.) noquota quota usrquota grpquota These options are accepted but ignored. Mount options for minix
None. Mount options for msdos
See mount options for fat. If the msdos filesystem detects an inconsistency, it reports an error and sets the file system read-only. The filesystemcan be made writeable again by remounting it. Mount options for ncpfs
Just like nfs , the ncpfs implementation expects a binary argument (a struct ncp_mount_data ) to the mount system call. This argument isconstructed by ncpmount (8) and the current version of mount (2.12) does not know anything about ncpfs. Mount options for nfs and nfs4
See the options section of the nfs (5) man page (nfs-utils package must be installed).
The nfs and nfs4 implementation expects a binary argument (a struct nfs_mount_data ) to the mount system call. This argument isconstructed by mount.nfs (8) and the current version of mount (2.13) does not know anything about nfs and nfs4. Mount options for ntfs
iocharset= name Character set to use when returning file names. Unlike VFAT, NTFS suppresses names that contain unconvertible characters. Deprecated. nls= name New name for the option earlier called iocharset . utf8
Use UTF-8 for converting file names. uni_xlate= 0 1 2 For 0 (or ' no'= or= 'false'),= do= not= use= escape= sequences= for= unknown= unicode= characters.= for= 1= (or= 'yes'= or= 'true')= or= 2,= use= vfat-style= 4-byte= escapesequences= starting= with= ':'.= here= 2= give= a= little-endian= encoding= and= 1= a= byteswapped= bigendian= posix=[01] If enabled (posix=1), the filesystem distinguishes between upper and lower case. The 8.3 alias names are presented as hard links instead of beingsuppressed. This option is obsolete. uid= value , gid= value and umask= value Set the file permission on the filesystem. The umask value is given in octal. By default, the files are owned by root and not readable by somebodyelse. Mount options for proc
uid= value and gid= value These options are recognized, but have no effect as far as I can see. Mount options for ramfs
Ramfs is a memory based filesystem. Mount it and you have it. Unmount it and it is gone. Present since Linux 2.3.99pre4. There are no mountoptions. Mount options for reiserfs
Reiserfs is a journaling filesystem. conv
Instructs version 3.6 reiserfs software to mount a version 3.5 filesystem, using the 3.6 format for newly created objects. This filesystem will no longer becompatible with reiserfs 3.5 tools. hash= rupasov tea r5 detect Choose which hash function reiserfs will use to find files within directories. rupasov
A hash invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. It is fast and preserves locality, mapping lexicographically close file names to close hash values. This option shouldnot be used, as it causes a high probability of hash collisions. tea
A Davis-Meyer function implemented by Jeremy Fitzhardinge. It uses hash permuting bits in the name. It gets high randomness and, therefore, low probabilityof hash collisions at some CPU cost. This may be used if EHASHCOLLISION errors are experienced with the r5 hash.
r5
A modified version of the rupasov hash. It is used by default and is the best choice unless the filesystem has huge directories and unusual file-namepatterns.
detect
Instructs mount to detect which hash function is in use by examining the filesystem being mounted, and to write this information into the reiserfssuperblock. This is only useful on the first mount of an old format filesystem. hashed_relocation Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some situations. no_unhashed_relocation Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some situations. noborder Disable the border allocator algorithm invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. This may provide performance improvements in some situations. nolog
Disable journalling. This will provide slight performance improvements in some situations at the cost of losing reiserfs' s= fast= recovery= from= crashes.= evenwith= this= option= turned= on,= reiserfs= still= performs= all= journalling= operations,= save= for= actual= writes= into= its= journalling= area.= implementation= nolog is a work in progress.
notail
By default, reiserfs stores small files and 'file tails' directly into its tree. This confuses some utilities such as lilo (8). This option is used todisable packing of files into the tree. replayonly Replay the transactions which are in the journal, but do not actually mount the filesystem. Mainly used by reiserfsck . resize= number A remount option which permits online expansion of reiserfs partitions. Instructs reiserfs to assume that the device has number blocks. This optionis designed for use with devices which are under logical volume management (LVM). There is a special resizer utility which can be obtained fromftp://ftp.namesys.com/pub/reiserfsprogs. user_xattr Enable Extended User Attributes. See the attr (5) manual page. acl
Enable POSIX Access Control Lists. See the acl (5) manual page. barrier=none / barrier=flush This enables/disables the use of write barriers in the journaling code. barrier=none disables it, barrier=flush enables it. Write barriers enforce properon-disk ordering of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. The reiserfs filesystem does not enable writebarriers by default. Be sure to enable barriers unless your disks are battery-backed one way or another. Otherwise you risk filesystem corruption in case ofpower failure. Mount options for romfs
None. Mount options for squashfs
None. Mount options for smbfs
Just like nfs , the smbfs implementation expects a binary argument (a struct smb_mount_data ) to the mount system call. This argument isconstructed by smbmount (8) and the current version of mount (2.12) does not know anything about smbfs. Mount options for sysv
None. Mount options for tmpfs
size= nbytes Override default maximum size of the filesystem. The size is given in bytes, and rounded up to entire pages. The default is half of the memory. The sizeparameter also accepts a suffix to limit this tmpfs instance to that percentage of your physical RAM: the default, when neither size nor nr_blocks isspecified, is size=50 nr_blocks= The same as size, but in blocks of PAGE_CACHE_SIZE nr_inodes= The maximum number of inodes for this instance. The default is half of the number of your physical RAM pages, or (on a machine with highmem) the number oflowmem RAM pages, whichever is the lower. The tmpfs mount options for sizing ( size , nr_blocks , and nr_inodes ) accept a suffix k , m or g for Ki, Mi, Gi(binary kilo, mega and giga) and can be changed on remount. mode=
Set initial permissions of the root directory.
uid=
The user id.
gid=
The group id. mpol=[defaultprefer:Nodebind:NodeListinterleaveinterleave:NodeList] Set the NUMA memory allocation policy for all files in that instance (if the kernel CONFIG_NUMA is enabled) - which can be adjusted on the fly via 'mount -oremount ..' default
prefers to allocate memory from the local node prefer:Node
prefers to allocate memory from the given Node bind:NodeList
allocates memory only from nodes in NodeList interleave
prefers to allocate from each node in turn interleave:NodeList
allocates from each node of NodeList in turn. The NodeList format is a comma-separated list of decimal numbers and ranges, a range being two hyphen-separated decimal numbers, the smallest and largestnode numbers in the range. For example, mpol=bind:0-3,5,7,9-15
Note that trying to mount a tmpfs with an mpol option will fail if the running kernel does not support NUMA; and will fail if its nodelist specifies a nodewhich is not online. If your system relies on that tmpfs being mounted, but from time to time runs a kernel built without NUMA capability (perhaps a saferecovery kernel), or with fewer nodes online, then it is advisable to omit the mpol option from automatic mount options. It can be added later, when the tmpfsis already mounted on MountPoint, by 'mount -o remount,mpol=Policy:NodeList MountPoint'. Mount options for ubifs
UBIFS is a flash file system which works on top of UBI volumes. Note that atime is not supported and is always turned off. The device name may be specified as ubiX_Y UBI device number X , volume number Y ubiY
UBI device number 0 , volume number Y ubiX:NAME
UBI device number X , volume with name NAME ubi:NAME
UBI device number 0 , volume with name NAME Alternative ! separator may be used instead of : . The following mount options are available: bulk_read Enable bulk-read. VFS read-ahead is disabled because it slows down the file system. Bulk-Read is an internal optimization. Some flashes may read faster ifthe data are read at one go, rather than at several read requests. For example, OneNAND can do 'read-while-load' if it reads more than one NAND page. no_bulk_read Do not bulk-read. This is the default. chk_data_crc Check data CRC-32 checksums. This is the default. no_chk_data_crc. Do not check data CRC-32 checksums. With this option, the filesystem does not check CRC-32 checksum for data, but it does check it for the internal indexinginformation. This option only affects reading, not writing. CRC-32 is always calculated when writing the data. compr= none lzo zlib Select the default compressor which is used when new files are written. It is still possible to read compressed files if mounted with the none option. Mount options for udf
udf is the 'Universal Disk Format' filesystem defined by the Optical Storage Technology Association, and is often used for DVD-ROM. See also iso9660 . gid=
Set the default group.
umask=
Set the default umask. The value is given in octal.
uid=
Set the default user.
unhide
Show otherwise hidden files. undelete Show deleted files in lists. nostrict Unset strict conformance. iocharset Set the NLS character set. bs=
Set the block size. (May not work unless 2048.)
novrs
Skip volume sequence recognition. session= Set the CDROM session counting from 0. Default: last session. anchor= Override standard anchor location. Default: 256. volume= Override the VolumeDesc location. (unused) partition= Override the PartitionDesc location. (unused) lastblock= Set the last block of the filesystem. fileset= Override the fileset block location. (unused) rootdir= Override the root directory location. (unused) Mount options for ufs
ufstype= value UFS is a filesystem widely used in different operating systems. The problem are differences among implementations. Features of some implementations areundocumented, so its hard to recognize the type of ufs automatically. That's why the user must specify the type of ufs by mount option. Possible valuesare: old
Old format of ufs, this is the default, read only. (Don't forget to give the -r option.)
44bsd
For filesystems created by a BSD-like system (NetBSD,FreeBSD,OpenBSD).
sun
For filesystems created by SunOS or Solaris on Sparc.
sunx86
For filesystems created by Solaris on x86.
hp
For filesystems created by HP-UX, read-only. nextstep
For filesystems created by NeXTStep (on NeXT station) (currently read only). nextstep-cd
For NextStep CDROMs (block_size 2048), read-only. openstep
For filesystems created by OpenStep (currently read only). The same filesystem type is also used by Mac OS X. onerror= value Set behaviour on error: panic
If an error is encountered, cause a kernel panic. [ lock umount repair ]
These mount options don't do anything at present; when an error is encountered only a console message is printed. Mount options for umsdos
See mount options for msdos. The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by umsdos . Mount options for vfat
First of all, the mount options for fat are recognized. The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by vfat . Furthermore, there are uni_xlate Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences. This lets you backup and restore filenames that are created with any Unicodecharacters. Without this option, a '?' is used when no translation is possible. The escape character is ':' because it is otherwise illegal on the vfatfilesystem. The escape sequence that gets used, where u is the unicode character, is: ':', (u 0x3f), ((u6) 0x3f), (u12). posix
Allow two files with names that only differ in case. This option is obsolete. nonumtail First try to make a short name without sequence number, before trying namenum.ext . utf8
UTF8 is the filesystem safe 8-bit encoding of Unicode that is used by the console. It can be be enabled for the filesystem with this option or disabled withutf8=0, utf8=no or utf8=false. If 'uni_xlate' gets set, UTF8 gets disabled. shortname= lower win95 winnt mixed Defines the behaviour for creation and display of filenames which fit into 8.3 characters. If a long name for a file exists, it will always be preferreddisplay. There are four modes: : lower
Force the short name to lower case upon display; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case. This mode is the default.
win95
Force the short name to upper case upon display; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case.
winnt
Display the shortname as is; store a long name when the short name is not all lower case or all upper case.
mixed
Display the short name as is; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case. Mount options for usbfs
devuid= uid and devgid= gid and devmode= mode Set the owner and group and mode of the device files in the usbfs filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0644). The mode is given in octal. busuid= uid and busgid= gid and busmode= mode Set the owner and group and mode of the bus directories in the usbfs filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0555). The mode is given in octal. listuid= uid and listgid= gid and listmode= mode Set the owner and group and mode of the file devices (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0444). The mode is given in octal. Mount options for xenix
None. Mount options for xfs
allocsize= size Sets the buffered I/O end-of-file preallocation size when doing delayed allocation writeout (default size is 64KiB). Valid values for this option are pagesize (typically 4KiB) through to 1GiB, inclusive, in power-of-2 increments. attr2 noattr2 The options enable/disable (default is enabled) an ' opportunistic'= improvement= to= be= made= in= the= way= inline= extended= attributes= are= stored= on-disk.= when= thenew= form= is= used= for= the= first= time= (by= setting= or= removing= extended= attributes)= the= on-disk= superblock= feature= bit= field= will= be= updated= to= reflect= thisformat= being= in= barrier Enables the use of block layer write barriers for writes into the journal and unwritten extent conversion. This allows for drive level write caching to beenabled, for devices that support write barriers. dmapi
Enable the DMAPI (Data Management API) event callouts. Use with the mtpt option. grpid bsdgroups and nogrpid sysvgroups These options define what group ID a newly created file gets. When grpid is set, it takes the group ID of the directory in which it is created; otherwise(the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory,and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself. ihashsize= value Sets the number of hash buckets available for hashing the in-memory inodes of the specified mount point. If a value of zero is used, the value selected bythe default algorithm will be displayed in /proc/mounts . ikeep noikeep When inode clusters are emptied of inodes, keep them around on the disk (ikeep) - this is the traditional XFS behaviour and is still the default for now.Using the noikeep option, inode clusters are returned to the free space pool. inode64 Indicates that XFS is allowed to create inodes at any location in the filesystem, including those which will result in inode numbers occupying more than 32bits of significance. This is provided for backwards compatibility, but causes problems for backup applications that cannot handle large inode numbers. largeio nolargeio If nolargeio is specified, the optimal I/O reported in st_blksize by stat (2) will be as small as possible to allow user applications to avoidinefficient read/modify/write I/O. If largeio is specified, a filesystem that has a swidth specified will return the swidth value (inbytes) in st_blksize. If the filesystem does not have a swidth specified but does specify an allocsize then allocsize (in bytes) will bereturned instead. If neither of these two options are specified, then filesystem will behave as if nolargeio was specified. logbufs= value Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbers range from 2-8 inclusive. The default value is 8 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 64KiB, 4buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 32KiB, 3 buffers for filesystems with a blocksize of 16KiB and 2 buffers for all other configurations. Increasingthe number of buffers may increase performance on some workloads at the cost of the memory used for the additional log buffers and their associated controlstructures. logbsize= value Set the size of each in-memory log buffer. Size may be specified in bytes, or in kilobytes with a 'k' suffix. Valid sizes for version 1 and version 2 logsare 16384 (16k) and 32768 (32k). Valid sizes for version 2 logs also include 65536 (64k), 131072 (128k) and 262144 (256k). The default value for machines withmore than 32MiB of memory is 32768, machines with less memory use 16384 by default. logdev= device and rtdev= device Use an external log (metadata journal) and/or real-time device. An XFS filesystem has up to three parts: a data section, a log section, and a real-timesection. The real-time section is optional, and the log section can be separate from the data section or contained within it. Refer to xfs (5). mtpt= mountpoint Use with the dmapi option. The value specified here will be included in the DMAPI mount event, and should be the path of the actual mountpoint thatis used. noalign Data allocations will not be aligned at stripe unit boundaries. noatime Access timestamps are not updated when a file is read. norecovery The filesystem will be mounted without running log recovery. If the filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, it is likely to be inconsistent when mounted in norecovery mode. Some files or directories may not be accessible because of this. Filesystems mounted norecovery must be mounted read-only or themount will fail. nouuid
Don't check for double mounted filesystems using the filesystem uuid. This is useful to mount LVM snapshot volumes. osyncisosync Make O_SYNC writes implement true O_SYNC. WITHOUT this option, Linux XFS behaves as if an osyncisdsync option is used, which will make writes tofiles opened with the O_SYNC flag set behave as if the O_DSYNC flag had been used instead. This can result in better performance without compromising datasafety. However if this option is not in effect, timestamp updates from O_SYNC writes can be lost if the system crashes. If timestamp updates are critical, usethe osyncisosync option. uquota usrquota uqnoenforce quota User disk quota accounting enabled, and limits (optionally) enforced. Refer to xfs_quota (8) for further details. gquota grpquota gqnoenforce Group disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally) enforced. Refer to xfs_quota (8) for further details. pquota prjquota pqnoenforce Project disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally) enforced. Refer to xfs_quota (8) for further details. sunit= value and swidth= value Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID device or a stripe volume. value must be specified in 512-byte block units. If this option isnot specified and the filesystem was made on a stripe volume or the stripe width or unit were specified for the RAID device at mkfs time, then the mount systemcall will restore the value from the superblock. For filesystems that are made directly on RAID devices, these options can be used to override the informationin the superblock if the underlying disk layout changes after the filesystem has been created. The swidth option is required if the sunit optionhas been specified, and must be a multiple of the sunit value. swalloc Data allocations will be rounded up to stripe width boundaries when the current end of file is being extended and the file size is larger than the stripewidth size. Mount options for xiafs
None. Although nothing is wrong with xiafs, it is not used much, and is not maintained. Probably one shouldn't use it. Since Linux version 2.1.21 xiafs isno longer part of the kernel source. The Loop Device
One further possible type is a mount via the loop device. For example, the commandwill set up the loop device /dev/loop3 to correspond to the file /tmp/fdimage , and then mount this device on /mnt .
This type of mount knows about four options, namely loop , offset , sizelimit and encryption , that are really options to losetup (8). (These options can be used in addition to those specific to the filesystem type.)
If no explicit loop device is mentioned (but just an option ' -o loop ' is given), then mount will try to find some unused loop device and usethat.
Since Linux 2.6.25 is supported auto-destruction of loop devices and then any loop device allocated by mount will be freed by umount independently on /etc/mtab .
You can also free a loop device by hand, using 'losetup -d' or 'umount -d'. Return Codes
mount has the following return codes (the bits can be ORed): 0
success
1
incorrect invocation or permissions
2
system error (out of memory, cannot fork, no more loop devices)
4
internal mount bug
8
user interrupt
16
problems writing or locking /etc/mtab
32
mount failure
64
some mount succeeded Notes
The syntax of external mount helpers is: /sbin/mount. suffix spec dir [ -sfnv ] [ -o options ] [ -t type.subtype ] where the type is filesystem type and -sfnvo options have same meaning like standard mount options. The -t option is used for filesystems withsubtypes support (for example /sbin/mount.fuse -t fuse.sshfs). Files /etc/fstab
filesystem table
/etc/mtab
table of mounted filesystems
/etc/mtab
lock file
/etc/mtab.tmp
temporary file
/etc/filesystems
a list of filesystem types to try See Also
mount (2), umount (2), fstab (5), umount (8), swapon (8), nfs (5), xfs (5), e2label (8), xfs_admin (8), mountd (8), nfsd (8), mke2fs (8), tune2fs (8), losetup (8) Bugs
It is possible for a corrupted filesystem to cause a crash.
Some Linux filesystems don' t= support= -o sync and -o dirsync (the ext2, ext3, fat and vfat filesystems do support synchronous updates (a laBSD) when mounted with the sync option).
The -o remount may not be able to change mount parameters (all ext2fs -specific parameters, except sb , are changeable with a remount,for example, but you can't change gid or umask for the fatfs ).
Mount by label or uuid will work only if your devices have the names listed in /proc/partitions . In particular, it may well fail if the kernel wascompiled with devfs but devfs is not mounted.
It is possible that files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts don't match. The first file is based only on the mount command options, but the contentof the second file also depends on the kernel and others settings (e.g. remote NFS server. In particular case the mount command may reports unreliableinformation about a NFS mount point and the /proc/mounts file usually contains more reliable information.)
Checking files on NFS filesystem referenced by file descriptors (i.e. the fcntl and ioctl families of functions) may lead to inconsistentresult due to the lack of consistency check in kernel even if noac is used. History
A mount command existed in Version 5 ATT UNIX. Availability
The mount command is part of the util-linux-ng package and is available from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/. Referenced By amd (8), auto.master (5), autofs (5), autofs5 (5), automount (8), automount5 (8), bootparam (7), chown (2), cryptmount (8), curlftpfs (1), davfs2.conf (5), ecryptfs (7), eject (1), elksemu (1), fd (4), filesystems (5), findmnt (8), fmtmsg (3), fsck.xfs (8), fsfreeze (8), fsinfo (8), fstrim (8), fsync (2), getmntent (3), getsubopt (3), gfs2_mount (8), gfs_mount (8), gkrellm (1), gnome-mount (1), guestfish (1), guestfs (3), hd (4), hier (7), hlfsd (8), hmount (1), lsof (8), man-pages (7), mfsmount (8), Viking Conquest Reforged Edition mkbiarch (8), mkfs.xfs (8), mkrescue (8), mount.ceph (8), mount.davfs (8), mount.ecryptfs (8), mount.ecryptfs_private (1), mount.gfs2 (8), mount.glusterfs (8), mount_selinux (8), namespace.conf (5), nfsmount.conf (5), ntfsmount (8), open (2), pam_namespace (8), pivot_root (8), pmount (1), proc (5), quotaon (8), ram (4), realpath (3), restore (8), schroot-setup (5), schroot.conf (5), statvfs (2), switch_root (8), tune4fs (8), umount.ecryptfs (8), umount.ecryptfs_private (1), usermount (1), xfs_db (8), xfs_freeze Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Console Commands (8), xfs_info (8), xfs_logprint (8), xfs_rtcp (8), xorriso (1), xorrisofs (1)